Albanian Solution Won't Cut It

The first step is a restrictive policy that does not provide false optimism to illegal migrants and at the same time shuts off the potential for people smugglers.

Part of the 128 migrants who are disembarking from the Ocean Viking (SOS Mediterranee) in the Port Of Ortona and rescued by the Croce Rossa Italiana in the night between 14 and 15 November 2023 (Photo by Marco Zac/NurPhoto) (Photo by Marco Zac / NurPhoto / NurPhoto via AFP) Fotó: NurPhoto via AFP

Given that the European Union decided to start accession negotiations with Albania back in March 2020, the question arises as to how long Albania can be a third country location tasked with mitigating illegal migration into Italy. Issues of infrastructure, resources and control mechanisms were not sufficiently taken into account by the Albanian government. Albania is not prepared to deal with the wave of illegal migration. If things continue like this, Italy will have to take in more than 100 thousand illegal immigrants each year. This burden is simply too great to be outsourced to Albania. Albania's opposition parties argue that the government is disregarding the consequences ensuing from this commitment to help Italy.

The main concern, however, is Albania's role in human trafficking in the Balkans. Albanian and European sources report that Albanian border control officials are frequently suspected of corruption. Dozens of people were detained in April 2022 as a result of a joint Kosovo-Albania police operation aimed at uncovering bribery at border crossing points. Kosovo and Albanian authorities reported that more than fifty police officers were arrested at the Vermice border crossing point as part of a police probe into bribery and corruption.

Earlier in 2022, forty-eight border police officers and two customs officers were detained in an investigation on suspicion of accepting bribes at two other Kosovo-Albania border crossing points, Qafe e Prushit and Qafe Morine. The border police officers arrested had engaged in 312 corrupt acts, such as allowing the entry of illicit goods, allowing individuals to traffic vehicles and assisting people with legal problems to cross the border in order to reach the EU.

The EU is aware that corruption exists in the Balkan countries, especially among those in charge of border control. In August 2021, the European Commission called on the Western Balkan countries to improve their handling of immigration and asylum issues and step up the fight against organized crime and corruption. It goes without saying that the new deal between Italy and Albania, outsourcing thousands of migrants, would offer plenty of business opportunities for people smugglers active in Albania.

Diverting illegal migrants from the Mediterranean to the Balkan route would increase pressure on Croatia (from Montenegro) and Hungary (from Serbia). In September 2023, Frontex reported 81,830 migrants having entered the EU via the Western Balkan route, while 131,630 migrants made a landfall in Italy. Moving part of the burden from Italy to the Western Balkans would only shift the problem to another region. In addition, the influx of migrants from Croatia, Slovenia and Serbia has created tensions in Central Europe and Italy. The situation in the Western Balkans is therefore expected to deteriorate further as a result of the plan dubbed the Albanian solution.

The European Union has steadfastly applied its patching-up approach to tackling migration. These responses have led to more complex issues. The first step toward a viable solution is a restrictive policy that does not provide false optimism to illegal migrants and at the same time shuts off the potential for people smugglers.

The authors are senior researchers at Szazadveg Foundation

Cover photo: Migrants disembarking at Ortona, Italy (Photo: NurPhoto/AFP)